When Lenny Borger arrived in Paris in the mid-1970s, this young New Yorker from Brooklyn brought with him a love of the French language.
This language, so foreign to him, enchanted his ears when, as a young boy, he discovered, almost in real time, the songs of Jean Ferrat, Léo Ferré and Jacques Brel. The rhythm, like the poetry of the lyrics, would have a lasting effect on him.
It was this unique love that led him to leave the United States for France. And what does an American do in Paris when he also loves the movies? In addition to becoming a frequent moviegoer and visitor to the Cinémathèque française, Lenny became a film critic for Variety, the leading American entertainment newspaper, a position he held until the early 1990s. But translating French films really allowed his mastery and knowledge of the subtleties of the language of both Molière and Shakespeare to shine.
In 1980, Bertrand Tavernier asked him to subtitle his film Une semaine de vacances, starring Nathalie Baye and Gérard Lanvin. It was the start of a long career during which Lenny Borger would translate over a hundred French films into English, with a particular predilection for the cinema of the interwar period. Marcel Carné, Jean Renoir, Julien Duvivier, Henri-Georges Clouzot, Robert Bresson, Georges Franju, Luis Buñuel, but also Jean-Pierre Melville, Claude Chabrol, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Sautet, Patrick Chéreau, among many others.
Welcoming us into his Parisian apartment next door to the Grand Rex, Lenny recalls his work with words and how it served French cinema.
At the start of 2020, the Cinémathèque française paid tribute to Jean-Luc Godard. You've worked with him and translated some of his films. Which ones?
In the 2000s, Criterion asked me to translate Jean-Luc Godard's classic period, the films of the 1960s. À bout de Souffle was a gem for any translator, as it's a film with an enormous number of puns, some of them very funny. In fact, I'd found a linguistic trick in English for the phrase: “T'es vraiment dégueulasse” / “You make me puke”. When I did the translation, I looked at what had been done before. It has to be said that not everything was well translated, it was much more succinct, we didn't really try to convey the flavor of the dialogue, it was still quite literal.
And then, how can we fail to mention one of the worst puns in his entire filmography, with his film Une femme est une femme (1961)? Anna Karina's last line gave me a hard time. Jean Claude Brialy and Anna Karina are in bed together, and he says to her: “Angela, you're infamous”, to which she replies: “Me? I'm not infamous, I'm a woman”. I found the equivalent in English: he says “Damn you, Angela!” She replies: “No, a dame me”.
When the film was to be re-released in America, I worked alone on it. It was at the Malakoff studio. I remember that Jean-Luc Godard's sister was present in the lab when I wrote that last sentence. I had asked her to come, as I was having translation problems. Much later, Anne-Marie Miéville, with whom I'd had the opportunity to work while working on his films, recommended that I work with him again on Éloge de l'amour.
My colleague Cynthia Schoch and I translated the film, which is a bit of an oddity. It went perfectly. He invited us to see the film at his home in Switzerland. I remember I was a bit grumpy. I didn't want to travel so far for a job I'd be doing in the Paris region anyway. Nevertheless, we took the train to Lausanne, and then a bus to Rolle. He made us feel very welcome and was very friendly, as was Anne-Marie Miéville. It was quite a funny experience. The day after the Cannes premiere in May 2001, he called to tell me how pleased he was with the subtitles. I think I should have stopped there, because after that it got a bit more complicated. With Notre musique, everything became a little more complex, with several languages to translate. But above all, he didn't want everything to be translated.
I particularly remember an Arabic poem by Mahmoud Darwish. Elias Sanbar was present for the film's subtitling, and it was his French translation that I had in my hands, but Jean-Luc Godard refused to let me translate the poem. He told me, very politely, "No, there's no need to translate that." Today, the public expects everything to be translated into subtitles. We gave him a very literal translation, which he took and made into much briefer subtitles. He knows what he wants, he and I spoke French, and I knew he had a good command of English. I must add that I didn't really agree with his choice. I wouldn't say he was wrong, but it was as if, for this film, we weren't allowed to know what was being said, as if we weren't supposed to understand. While I understood that it was an aesthetic choice, I was still rather dubious... I would add, however, that it's always better for the filmmaker to be present at this stage of the work, even if he doesn't quite understand English, because he can sense if something isn't quite right. Bertrand Tavernier's cinema is very written, which is why he was always present during the subtitling work. For his film L627, we spent over fifteen hours on the finishing touches alone.
Before the cinema of Jean-Luc Godard, had you ever translated French films?
Yes, especially those from the interwar period, a cinema I particularly love for the flavor of the language. I know the filmmaker Julien Duvivier and am very fond of his work. I've translated fifteen of his films. I remember a film I also enjoyed translating, Du Rififi chez les hommes by Jules Dassin, with whom I worked on the subtitling. What wonderful slang! It was a fascinating job, because it was so much fun to translate. In English, the film is called Rififi. When Jules Dassin went into exile in France to escape McCarthyism, he couldn't understand a word of French, let alone slang!
When I started working with him on the film's re-release, things got off to a bad start, as he told me he didn't want any slang in his film! That's when I realized that he hadn't understood the language when he shot the film...
Nevertheless, I came to an agreement with him, stating that I would not translate slang phrases where there was no English equivalent. An example: in a bar, a guy says to a hostess: “Pose ton gagne-pain là” (Put your breadwinner there), which, if you translate the meaning, means “Put your ass here”. But this French phrase also has an English equivalent: “Put your moneymaker down”.
Things went very well with Jules Dassin, in fact; I enjoyed translating the song sung by Magali Noël in the film. In fact, it was with the help of Jules Dassin's daughter - who also wrote songs for her brother Joe Dassin - that I worked on the song. It's important to remember that this was the first time the song had been translated, because when the film was released in the United States in 1955, there were no subtitles on the songs, so they were left as they were.
Another memory of a song from a French film is with Julien Carette, in Jean Renoir's La Grande Illusion, who sings Si tu veux Marguerite. It really wasn't easy to translate; it's a rather naughty turn-of-the-century song, which was very famous at the time. I must add that I'm very happy when there's a song... For René Clair, I worked on the film À nous la liberté, there are lots of songs.
And then Lenny Borger, all in his joy, carried away by the rhythm, hums the film tune to me...
Where does this love of the French language come from?
Nadia, do you see what's on the floor there?
Yes, I immediately noticed these 33 rpm records by Jacques Brel, Jean Ferrat...
It was through French songs that I learned the language. I kept all my vinyl records from my teenage years in Brooklyn. My parents were Polish immigrants who arrived in New York in 1949 and ended up in a displaced persons camp, as they say. They stayed there for almost three years, and I was born in New York in 1951. My parents spoke several languages: Yiddish, Polish, German, Russian and, of course, American English. At home, they spoke Polish to each other, and I couldn't understand a word!
I remember a musical revue on Broadway: it was a cabaret show based on the songs of Jacques Brel, entitled “Jacques Brel is alive and well living in Paris”. I immediately fell in love with his songs, and spent my days translating them. I should point out that I never learned the French language at school, nor did I take a course to become a translator. I made my first trip to France in 1975, and as soon as I got back to New York, I told everyone I wanted to come back and live in France.
That's what I did two and a half years later, in 1978. I had come to write my thesis on the cinema of Marcel Pagnol, which I never finished. I found myself penniless in Paris and still managed to land a paid job at Variety as a film critic in the 1980s. Well, I have to say it wasn't a great time for French cinema...
It was living here that really taught me the language. But my first encounter with French was through song. I was a young American, twelve years old, and as they say: everything begins with song and everything ends with song...